Functional Ovarian Cysts: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Functional ovarian cysts are common benign formations frequently seen during ultrasound exams. These cysts usually resolve on their own without the need for treatment, but in some cases, they can cause unpleasant symptoms such as pain and menstrual cycle irregularities. In this article, we will discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of functional ovarian cysts.

What are Functional Ovarian Cysts?

Functional ovarian cysts are benign formations that develop as part of the normal function of the ovaries. They typically do not require treatment because they may disappear on their own. However, if a cyst causes pain or other symptoms, medical attention may be necessary.

Types of Functional Ovarian Cysts

There are two main types of functional ovarian cysts:

• Follicular cyst: This occurs when a follicle that is supposed to rupture and release an egg continues to grow and fills with fluid instead.
• Corpus luteum cyst: This forms when the corpus luteum in the ovary accumulates fluid, leading to the formation of a cyst.

Causes of Functional Ovarian Cysts

The causes of functional ovarian cysts can vary. The most common risk factors include:

• Hormonal imbalances: Any hormonal changes, such as irregular periods or stress, can cause cyst formation.
• Excessive or insufficient weight: Rapid weight loss or gain can lead to cyst development.
• Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of physical activity can contribute to cyst formation, as it may negatively affect hormonal balance and circulation.

Symptoms of Functional Ovarian Cysts

Functional ovarian cysts can be asymptomatic, and a woman may not even know they have them until they are discovered during an ultrasound. However, in some cases, they can cause the following symptoms:

• Lower abdominal pain: Dull or sharp pains in the area of the ovaries.
• Pain during intercourse: Discomfort or pain during sexual activity.
• Menstrual cycle irregularities: Missed periods or irregular cycles.

Diagnosis of Functional Ovarian Cysts

The diagnosis of a functional ovarian cyst is usually made based on ultrasound. To make an accurate diagnosis, the cyst must have the following characteristics:

• Clear, smooth contours.
• Homogeneous content.
• Size greater than 3 cm.

In some cases, a follow-up ultrasound may be required 1-3 months later to monitor the cyst's progress and potential reduction or disappearance.

Treatment of Functional Ovarian Cysts

Generally, functional cysts do not require treatment as they may resolve on their own. However, if a cyst causes painful symptoms or other issues, the following treatments may be recommended:

• Pain relief therapy: Anti-inflammatory or pain-relieving medications may be prescribed to ease the discomfort.
• Hormonal treatments: Hormonal medications may be prescribed to normalize the hormonal balance and prevent the formation of additional cysts.

When is Surgical Intervention Needed?

Surgery is only required in rare cases when a cyst becomes large, causes severe pain, or ruptures. In such situations, surgical removal of the cyst or other affected tissues may be necessary.

Prevention of Functional Ovarian Cysts

To prevent functional ovarian cysts, it is recommended to follow these guidelines:

• Maintain a healthy weight: Avoid rapid weight fluctuations and keep a healthy body mass index.
• Regular physical activity: Exercise helps maintain hormonal balance and improve circulation.
• Stress management: Avoid chronic stress, as it can affect hormonal balance.

Conclusion

Functional ovarian cysts are a common but generally benign condition. Although they may resolve on their own, it’s important to have regular medical checkups and monitor your health. If you have any concerns or symptoms, don’t delay seeking help from a gynecologist.

If you have any questions, schedule an appointment with me — I would be happy to answer all of them!